Neisseria Meningitidis DEFINITION AND RECOGNITION


Neisseria Meningitidis definition and recognition of Neisseria Meningitidis (meningoccocus) is the causative organism of meningococcal (epidemic) meningitis which we can recognise from specific rash.

Neisseria Meningitidis GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

  • Gram-negative, bean- shaped, diplococci.
  • Do not possess flagella or spores.
  • Capsulated and possess pili.
  • Strict parasites, do not survive long outside of the host.
  • Aerobic.
  • Oxidative metabolism.
  • Produce catalse and oxidase.
  • Pathogenic species require enriched complex media and CO2.

DISEASES CAUSED By Neisseria Meningitidis

  • Meningitis
  • Meningococcemia
  • Pneumonia
  • Arthritis
  • Urethritis
N. Meningitidis is the most common cause of Meningitis in persons between the ages of 2 and 18 years.

MENINGITIS DEFINITION

Meningitis is an inflammation of leptomininges within the subarachnoid space

Meningitis CLINICAL FEATURES

  • Meningitis may not always be easy to detect in realy stages. The symptoms can be similar to flu.
  • May develop over one or two days, but sometimes develop in a matter of hours.
  • It is important to remember that symptoms do not appear in particular order and some may not appear at all.

Bacterial Meningitis

Acute bacterial meningitis occurs when bacteria enters the bloodstream and migrate to the brain and spinal cord.
Bacterial Meningitis can be classified as acute and chronic meningitis:
  • Acute Meningitis: Onset of meningeal symptoms over the course of hours to days.
  • Chronic: Onset in weeks to months.

Meningitis PREDISPOSING FACTORS:

  • Immunoglobulin deficiencies.
  • Complement deficiencies.
  • Splenectomy and asplenic conditions.
  • Acute viral infections.
  • Head trauma.

Meningitis SYMPTOMS:

  • Headache
  • Stiff Neck
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Sensitivity to light

Meningitis COMPLICATIONS:

  • Cranial nerve palsies e.g. occulomotor, facial, cochlear.
  • Focal neurological deficits.
  • Epidural empyaema.
  • Increased intracranial pressure.
  • Seizures.
  • DIC.
  • Coma.
  • Vasculitis, Gangrene.
  • Arthritis.
  • Pericarditis.
  • Renal failure.

Meningitis TRANSMISSION

  • Altough dangerous disease, not easily spread.
  • Though droplets from mouth and nose.
  • Transmission not necessarily gives rise to disease.
  • 15% adults carry disease causing strains in nose and throat.

Meningitis PATHOGENESIS

Bacteria reach the intracranial structures in one of the 3 ways
  • Hematogenous spread.
  • Extension from the juxtacranial structures.
  • Latrogenic source

Meningitis PREVENTION

  • Avoid over crowding
  • Health education
  • Vaccination
  • Chemoprophylaxis for close contacts within 24 hours of diagnosis.

WHO IS Meningococcemia?

Meningococcemia infectious disease which is characterized by a rapid start. The temperature rises to 39-41°C and maintains at a high level for 2-3 days.

Meningococcemia SYMPTOMS:

Along with fever, headache, severe weakness, pallor or cyanosis of the face and extremities is observed. Blood pressure rises at the beginning, at shock it may decrease sharply..

Meningococcemia RASH

Permanent feature of Meningococcemia is rash. Skin rash appears after 5-15 hours, sometimes on the 2nd day of illness. The typical rash – haemorrhagic, irregular shape, with a clear outline, stellate. The elements vary in size – from the point of petechiae in significant bleeding.

PNEUMONIA DEFINIITON

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma (i.e. alveoli rather than the bronchi) of infective origin. It is an infection in one or both of your lungs.

PNEUMONIA FACTS

  • It is the most common common infectious cause of death.
  • It is usually characterized by consolidation.
  • Consolidation is a pathological process in which the alveoli are filled with a mixture of inflammatory exudate, bacteria & WBC

PNEUMONIA EPIDEMIOLOGY

  • Occurs throughout the year.
  • Results from different etiological agents varying with the seasons.
  • Occurs in persons of all ages.
  • Clinical manifestations severe in very young, elderly & in chronically ill patients.

PNEUMONIA CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFIED BASED ON A TWO TYPES:
  • Lobar Pneumonia; Bronchopneumonia
  • Community-aquired pneumonia (CAP); Nosocomial pneumonia (HAP)

Lobar Pneumonia DEFINITION

Lobar Pneumonia is acute bacterial infection of a part of the lobe the entire lobe, or even two lobes of one or both the lungs.

Bronchopneumonia DEFINITION

Bronchopneumonia is infection of the terminal bronchioles that extends intothe surrounding alveoli resulting in patchy consolidation of the lung.

Community-aquired pneumonia DEFINITION

Pneumonia which develops in an otherwise healthy person outside of hospital or have been in hospital for less than 48 hours.

Nosocomial pneumonia (HAP) DEFINITION

Pneumonia that was not incubating upon admission developing a patient hospitalized for greater than 48 hours.

PNEUMONIA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Microbial invasion of the normally sterile lower respiratory tract three routes:
  • Inhaled as aerosolized particles.
  • Haematogenous spread from an extrapulmonary site of infection.
  • Aspiration of oropharyngeal contents.

PNEUMONIA COMPLICATIONS:

  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  • Fluid around the lung (pleural effusion)
  • Lung abscesses.
  • Respiratory failure (which requires a breathing machine or ventilator)
  • Sepsis, which may lead organ failure.

WHO IS URETHRITIS?

Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra.

INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF URETHRITIS
– Gonoccocal –
• Neisseria Gonorrhoea (50-90%)
-Non Gonoccocal .
• Chlamydia trachomatis. (20-50%)
Ureaplasma urealyticum. (20-80%)
Mycoplasma genitalium.
Trochomonas vaginalis.
Yeast.
HSV.

NON-INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF URETHRITIS

  • Trauma.
  • Urethral stricture.
  • Catherization.
  • Chemical irritants.
  • Dehydration.

Neisseria Meningitidis LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

It is frequently isolated from samples such as blood, CSF. Different methods for laboratory diagnosis are:
  • Gram staining
  • Culture
  • Oxidase test
  • Fermentation tests
  • Latex agglutination test

N. Meningitidis GRAM STAINING

The diagnosis is suggested by the finding of gram negative bacteria bean shaped capsular diplococci.

N. Meningitidis CULTURE

The organism is cultured on blood agar or chocolate agar incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Colonies are 1-2 mm in diameter, convex, grey and transparent. No hemolysis

N. Meningitidis OXIDASE TEST

Determines the presence of cytochrome oxidase. It is positive in N. Meningitidis.
Grow the isolate(s) to be tested for 18-24 hours on a blood agar plate at 35-37°C with ~5% CO2. Dispense a few drops of Kovac’s oxidase reagent. Til the plate and observe colonies for a coloor change to purple. Positive reactions will develop within 10 seconds in the form of a purple color.

N. Meningitidis FERMENTATION & AGGLUTINATION TESTS

  • Manitol fermentation: N. Meningitidis ferment manitol.
  • Maltose fermentation: N. Meningitidis ferment maltose.
  • Latex agglutination test, which detects capsular polysaccharide in the spinal fluid.

Who have biggest chance to be infected of Neisseria Meningitidis bacterium?

Biggest chance to be infected of Neisseria Meningitidis bacterium are for infants, children, young peoples and elderly humans. Peoples who had contact with infected people – get in touch with doctor. It is an undeniable fact that sneezing, kissing, drinking from the sames dishes increases the risk getting sick of Neisseria Meningitidis.

Neisseria Meningitidis BACKGROUND

There are between 2000 and 3000 cases of Neisseria Meningitidis per year in United States. Approximately 50% of the cases occur in children between 1 and 4 years old. Neisseria Meningitidis infects the nasopharynx of humans causing a usually mild or subclinical upper respiratory infection. Colonization of the nasopharynx may persist for month.

NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

  • Penicillin G or sulphonamides are the drugs of choice.
  • Cholramphenicol or third generation cephalosporin such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone are recommended for patients who are allergic to penicillin.
  • Meningococcal vaccine, is available which contains the capsular polysaccharide.

What need to know before travelling to any countries?

Noteworthy fact that before travelling to any countries with big chances to get sick Neisseria Meningitidis disease scientists recommends do vaccination. That is important procedure to lower risks of getting infected.

Which facts need know about Neisseria Meningitidis?

  • 10% of the infected dies
  • The most common in Africa
  • Most hard forms are blood infection, inflammation of the cerebral palsy
In conclusion, therefore of disease serious complications, most important tip – Do not try to treat yourself! Get in touch with doctor as soon as you can, because they would beat in treating with hard working experience.
Also Neisseriameningitidis.com recommends check Neisseria Meningitidis WIKI andNeisseria meningitidis: Biology, Microbiology, and Epidemiology

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